HEP 444 Module 3 Exam

Question 1

1 / 1 pts

A variable that is not the hypothesized exposure of interest or the outcome of interest that causes confusion or distortion of measures of association is known as a ____.

case

confounder

cohort

source

Question 2

1 / 1 pts

The ____ design is very appropriate to allow the study of rare diseases and it can be done quickly and relatively inexpensively, sometimes using existing records.

cross sectional study

cohort study

case control study

ecological study

Question 3

1 / 1 pts

Cases that are enrolled as the outcome of interest occurs are known as ____ cases.

incident

random

prevalence

stratified

Question 4

1 / 1 pts

When the investigator only gathers data from the subjects the study design is called ____.

analytic

descriptive

experimental

observational

Question 5

1 / 1 pts

Study design in epidemiology is the methodology used to determine who the results will refer to and how to collect the data.

True

False

Question 6

1 / 1 pts

A study labeled as analytic examines a hypothesis between outcome and exposure.

True

False

Question 7

1 / 1 pts

The ____ study is popular mainly due to its ease, speed, and low cost.

ecological

cross sectional

cohort

case control

Question 8

1 / 1 pts

In epidemiology, the purpose of a study is usually to identify the amount of disease (distribution) or test hypotheses about the risk factors (determinants) of disease.

True

False

IncorrectQuestion 9

0 / 1 pts

Calculating measures of association with ____ rates is the best method.

specific

crude

adjusted

attributable

Question 10

1 / 1 pts

A larger level of certainty will result in a wider confidence interval, and a lower level of certainty will result in a narrower confidence interval.

True

False

Question 11

1 / 1 pts

Most investigators use ____% confidence intervals.

90

95

99

100

Question 12

1 / 1 pts

When incidence data is not available the most commonly used method for comparing rates as a ratio is the ____ ratio.

relative risk

odds

density

prevalence

Question 13

1 / 1 pts

Match each item with a statement below.

A ratio measure of association which provides the strength and direction of the association between exposure and outcome in a population

The ratio between the observed number of deaths due to a specific cause and the expected number of deaths due to the same cause

A measure of association between exposure and outcome which provides strength and direction using two incidence densities

Question 14

1 / 1 pts

A range of values that represent the variability likely in any measurement of disease or exposure occurrence is known as a ____.

difference measure

measure of association

confidence interval for a rate or proportion

confidence interval for a measure of association

Question 15

1 / 1 pts

A process to mathematically transform rates to hold constant some key differences in populations so that the rates can be compared is known as ____.

specificity

adjustment

comparing rates as differences

comparing rates as ratios

Question 16

1 / 1 pts

In general, if conditions with respect to person, place, time, and disease remain the same, we can expect that the past rate of disease will be the future rate of disease.

True

False

Question 17

1 / 1 pts

A ________ study is a study design that investigates the relationship between existing exposure characteristics and existing outcome information in a group of subjects.

Cross-sectional

Case control

Perspective cohort

Retrospective cohort

Question 18

1 / 1 pts

A retrospective cohort study is considered the “gold standard” of epidemiological study design.

True

False

Question 19

1 / 1 pts

This study is intended to determine the distribution of disease in a population.

Descriptive

Experimental

Analytic

Retrospective

Question 20

1 / 1 pts

A study in which an investigator intervenes, whether it be by drug treatment, vaccination or educational program, it is a __________ study.

Experimental

Observational

Descriptive

Analytic

Question 21

1 / 1 pts

A ________ study is a study that follows outcome-free subjects into the future, which can measure incidence and determine risk.

Prospective cohort study

Retrospective cohort study

Experimental

None of the above

Question 22

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a cohort study?

Low cost of study design.

Allows attributes associated with the outcome to be identified as risk factors.

Can assess multiple outcomes.

Can assess multiple exposures.

Question 23

1 / 1 pts

Cohort studies are designed to compare those with the exposure of interest to those without the exposure of interest.

True

False

Question 24

1 / 1 pts

A(n) _________ compares rates or proportions to each other by the mathematical method of subtraction.

Difference measure

Ratio measure

Relative risk

Odds ratio

Question 25

1 / 1 pts

When relative risk > 1, there is a _________.

Positive association

Negative association

Null value

None of the above

IncorrectQuestion 26

0 / 1 pts

Which one(s) of the following are considered an important part of any measure of association?

Strength of association

Direction of association

Statistical significance of the association

All of the above

IncorrectQuestion 27

0 / 1 pts

This measure of association compares the odds of outcome in the exposed group to the odds of outcome in the not exposed group for a cohort study.

Outcome odds ratio

Exposure odds ratio

Prevalence ratio

Incidence density ratio

Question 28

1 / 1 pts

Lower levels of social support are associated with higher levels of obesity. The relationship between social support and obesity is known as a _______________ association.

positive

negative

null

curvilinear

Question 29

1 / 1 pts

The correct calculation for Population Attributable Risk (PAR) is:

(Incidence in the total population - Incidence in the non-exposed subgroup) / Incidence in the total population

(Incidence in the exposed group - Incidence in the non-exposed group) / Incidence in the exposed group

(Incidence in the total population - Incidence in the exposed subgroup) / Incidence in the exposed subgroup

(Incidence in the total population - Incidence in the non-exposed subgroup) / Incidence in the non-exposed subgroup

Question 30

1 / 1 pts

When interpreting relative risk, the ________ is the same rate of outcome in both groups being compared.

Null value

Positive association

Negative association

None of the above

Quiz Score: 27 out of 30