HEP 444 Module 4 Exam

Question 1

1 / 1 pts

Cases that are enrolled as the outcome of interest occurs are known as ____ cases.

incident

random

prevalence

stratified

Question 2

1 / 1 pts

In epidemiology, the purpose of a study is usually to identify the amount of disease (distribution) or test hypotheses about the risk factors (determinants) of disease.

True

False

Question 3

1 / 1 pts

A study that allows the comparison of the attributes of a group of cases (subjects with the outcome of interest) to a group of controls (subjects without the outcome of interest) is referred to as a(n) ____.

cohort study

cross sectional study

case control study

ecological study

Question 4

1 / 1 pts

A variable that is not the hypothesized exposure of interest or the outcome of interest that causes confusion or distortion of measures of association is known as a ____.

case

confounder

cohort

source

Question 5

1 / 1 pts

A study labeled as analytic examines a hypothesis between outcome and exposure.

True

False

Question 6

1 / 1 pts

An example of an experimental study would be a study intended to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer in which the investigator only measures each subject’s smoking behavior and whether or not they develop lung cancer.

True

False

Question 7

1 / 1 pts

A(n) ____ study is a study design that investigates the relationship between existing exposure characteristics and existing outcome information in a group of enrolled subjects.

cohort study

case control

cross sectional

ecological

Question 8

1 / 1 pts

This study is intended to determine the distribution of disease in a population.

Descriptive

Experimental

Analytic

Retrospective

Question 9

1 / 1 pts

When the investigator only gathers data from subjects and does not manipulate exposure, the study design is ___________.

Observational

Experimental

Descriptive

Analytic

Question 10

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a cohort study?

Low cost of study design.

Allows attributes associated with the outcome to be identified as risk factors.

Can assess multiple outcomes.

Can assess multiple exposures.

Question 11

1 / 1 pts

Time frame is not commonly used and not useful when studying the occurrence of disease.

True

False

Question 12

1 / 1 pts

Cohort studies are designed to compare those with the exposure of interest to those without the exposure of interest.

True

False

Question 13

1 / 1 pts

A study in which an investigator intervenes, whether it be by drug treatment, vaccination or educational program, it is a __________ study.

Experimental

Observational

Descriptive

Analytic

Question 14

1 / 1 pts

A study design that tests one or more hypothesis about the relationship between risk factors and disease is a _________ study.

Analytic

Descriptive

Experimental

Observational

Question 15

1 / 1 pts

When relative risk < 1, there is a ___________.

Positive association

Negative association

Null value

Ratio association

IncorrectQuestion 16

0 / 1 pts

The _______ is a measure of association that provides the strength and direction of the association between exposure and an existing outcome in a cross-sectional study.

Prevalence ratio

Outcome odds ratio

Exposure odds ratio

Incidence density ratio

Question 17

1 / 1 pts

When interpreting relative risk, the ________ is the same rate of outcome in both groups being compared.

Null value

Positive association

Negative association

None of the above

Question 18

1 / 1 pts

This measure of association compares the odds of outcome in the exposed group to the odds of outcome in the not exposed group for a cohort study.

Outcome odds ratio

Exposure odds ratio

Prevalence ratio

Incidence density ratio

Question 19

1 / 1 pts

Attributable risk is the amount of risk in a comparison group that can be eliminated if the exposure of interest is removed from the group.

True

False

Question 20

1 / 1 pts

The confidence interval for a rate or proportion is a range of values that represents the variability likely in any measurement of disease or exposure occurrence.

True

False

Question 21

1 / 1 pts

Which one(s) of the following are considered an important part of any measure of association?

Strength of association

Direction of association

Statistical significance of the association

All of the above

Question 22

1 / 1 pts

The correct calculation for Population Attributable Risk (PAR) is:

(Incidence in the total population - Incidence in the non-exposed subgroup) / Incidence in the total population

(Incidence in the exposed group - Incidence in the non-exposed group) / Incidence in the exposed group

(Incidence in the total population - Incidence in the exposed subgroup) / Incidence in the exposed subgroup

(Incidence in the total population - Incidence in the non-exposed subgroup) / Incidence in the non-exposed subgroup

Question 23

1 / 1 pts

A value of ____ for the relative risk is referred to as the null value since it means that there is no relationship between exposure and outcome.

one

two

three

four

Question 24

1 / 1 pts

A range of values that represent the variability likely in any measurement of disease or exposure occurrence is known as a ____.

difference measure

measure of association

confidence interval for a rate or proportion

confidence interval for a measure of association

Question 25

1 / 1 pts

Most investigators use ____% confidence intervals.

90

95

99

100

IncorrectQuestion 26

0 / 1 pts

Calculating measures of association with ____ rates is the best method.

specific

crude

adjusted

attributable

Question 27

1 / 1 pts

A process to mathematically transform rates to hold constant some key differences in populations so that the rates can be compared is known as ____.

specificity

adjustment

comparing rates as differences

comparing rates as ratios

Question 28

1 / 1 pts

In general, if conditions with respect to person, place, time, and disease remain the same, we can expect that the past rate of disease will be the future rate of disease.

True

False

Question 29

1 / 1 pts

One use of rates and proportions is to predict the future occurrence of a disease, while another use is to identify the determinants of disease.

True

False

IncorrectQuestion 30

0 / 1 pts

When incidence data is not available the most commonly used method for comparing rates as a ratio is the ____ ratio.

relative risk

odds

density

prevalence

Quiz Score: 27 out of 30